Vulcanization composition for reducing allergenic potential and elastomeric articles formed therewith

ABSTRACT

An elastomeric article having a rubber component comprising polyisoprene and an aldehyde aniline condensate, the elastomeric article having less than 1 ppm diisopropyl xanthogen polysulfide residue.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY UNDER 35 U.S.C. § 119

The present application for patent is a Continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 17/590,558, entitled “VULCANIZATION COMPOSITION FORREDUCING ALLERGENIC POTENTIAL AND ELASTOMERIC ARTICLES FORMEDTHEREWITH”, filed Feb. 1, 2022, which is a Continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/924,953, entitled “VULCANIZATION COMPOSITION FORREDUCING ALLERGENIC POTENTIAL AND ELASTOMERIC ARTICLES FORMED THEREWITH”filed Jul. 9, 2020, which is a Continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 16/216,640, entitled “VULCANIZATION COMPOSITION FOR REDUCINGALLERGENIC POTENTIAL AND ELASTOMERIC ARTICLES FORMED THEREWITH” filedDec. 11, 2018, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.62/598,048, titled “VULCANIZATION COMPOSITION FOR REDUCING ALLERGENICPOTENTIAL AND ELASTOMERIC ARTICLES FORMED THEREWITH,” filed Dec. 13,2017, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety.

BACKGROUND

The invention relates generally to vulcanization compounds and relatesmore specifically to vulcanization compositions with reduced allergenicpotential that include accelerator compositions for vulcanizingelastomeric articles.

There are two types of allergies associated with the use of elastomericarticles in the medical field: (a) Type I immediate hypersensitivity,IgE-mediated allergies; and (b) Type IV delayed hypersensitivity,cell-mediated allergies.

Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgE immunoglobulin,and the effect is immediate. Generally, symptoms are evident withinminutes of exposure to the allergen, and may include local urticaria,facial swelling, watery eyes, rhinitis, asthma, and in extremely rareoccasions, anaphylactic shock. Type I allergies have been linked to theresidual, extractable proteins present in natural rubber latex products.

Various technologies are available for reducing the extractable proteinsin latex gloves, such as water leaching, chlorination, and the use oflow-protein or deproteinized latex. However, healthcare personnel andpatients who are allergic to natural rubber latex proteins are advisedto use synthetic gloves. Commonly-used synthetic materials includepolyisoprene, acrylonitrile-butadiene (nitrile), polychloroprene(Neoprene), polyurethane, and polyvinyl chloride.

As a result of the prevalence of Type I reactions in response to contactwith natural rubber proteins, there has been a shift towards the use ofsynthetic latexes that do not contain natural rubber latex proteins,especially for use in making medical devices that come into contact withthe skin. Taking cost and performance into consideration, syntheticlatexes that are suitable for glove manufacture include nitrile latexand polyurethane latex for examination gloves, and polychloroprene latexand polyisoprene latex for surgical gloves. For surgical gloves,polyisoprene latex has typically been preferred over polychloroprene,even though it is more expensive, because it provides the gloves withproperties that mimic those of natural rubber, particularly tensilestrength, ultimate elongation, softness and comfortable feel.

However, Type IV allergic reactions can be caused by natural orsynthetic elastomeric articles. Synthetic latexes can still causeallergic reactions due to the use of certain chemicals that may be foundin the compounded latex. Type IV delayed hypersensitivity reactions arecell-mediated allergic responses to specific chemicals. Symptoms onlybecome apparent about 48-96 hours after contact. Chemicals that mayinduce Type IV allergic responses include vulcanization acceleratorssuch as thiurams, mercaptobenzothiazoles, dithiocarbamates,diphenylguanidines, and thioureas, which are used in the process ofpreparing the elastomeric articles. The U.S. Food and DrugAdministration (FDA) acknowledges that thiazoles, thiurams, andcarbamates in rubber products can induce Type IV allergic reactions inhumans. “Guidance for Industry and FDA Reviewers/Staff: PremarketNotification [510(k)] Submissions for Testing for Skin Sensitization toChemicals in Natural Rubber Products,” U.S. Department of Health andHuman Services (1999). Hence, it is important to minimize the level ofaccelerators used so that the residual accelerator in the finishedelastomeric article is very low.

Elastomeric articles are generally manufactured using a latex dippingprocess, which involves dipping molds or formers into a coagulantsolution (usually aqueous calcium nitrate). After evaporating off thesolvent, the coagulant-coated molds/formers are then dipped intocompounded latex such that a film of coagulated rubber particles isdeposited thereon. After gelling the latex film using heat, thewet-gelled latex film is leached in water and then dried and vulcanizedin a hot air oven. During vulcanization the rubber molecules arechemically crosslinked.

Most commonly, the crosslinking agent is sulfur. However, sulfur aloneis inefficient for forming crosslinks. Conventionally, sulfur has alwaysbeen used in combination with vulcanization accelerators and activators.

Vulcanization accelerators are usually organic compounds that increasethe rate and efficiency of sulfur crosslinking, while activators arecompounds that increase the efficiency of the accelerators. Examples ofaccelerators used in latex compounding include thiurams,dithiocarbamates, mercaptobenzthiazole, diphenylguanidine, andthioureas. After vulcanization, depending on the amount of theaccelerator used, some or most of the accelerators are chemically bondedto the rubber matrix, but some are unreacted and may remain as a residuein the finished elastomeric article.

Vulcanization activators used in latex compounding are usually metaloxides, such as zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, and lead oxide.

Various methods for minimizing or eliminating Type IV allergic reactionscaused by vulcanization accelerators have been attempted, includingcrosslinking without the use of sulfur and vulcanization accelerators.Approaches include (a) crosslinking using gamma irradiation, (b)crosslinking using organic peroxides, (c) crosslinking using zinc oxidealone, via carboxyl-zinc ionic bonding, and (d) introducing functionalgroups into the polymer backbone that can form crosslinks after theproduct has been fabricated. Generally speaking, all of these approachessuffer from drawbacks. For example, approaches (a) and (b) result inproducts having poorer physical properties and poorer aging resistancethan sulfur-vulcanized products.

Another approach is the use of safer accelerators. These areaccelerators that have a lower allergenic potential. For example, ahigh-molecular weight accelerator that has low allergenic potential maybe used, including, e.g., zinc dibenzyl dithiocarbamate (ZBEC), and zincdiisononyl dithiocarbamate (ZDNC). By virtue of their high molecularweights, these types of accelerators are more compatible with naturalrubber and synthetic polyisoprene rubber, and therefore have a highersolubility in the rubber matrix. As a result, very little of thehigh-molecular weight accelerator would bloom to the rubber surface andcome in contact with the user to cause a potential allergic reaction.For the same reason, very little of the high-molecular weightaccelerator can be extracted from the rubber. ZDNC is preferred overZBEC because it has a higher solubility in natural rubber (about 3%weight/weight), whereas the solubility of ZBEC is only about 0.5%weight/weight.

A further approach is to use combinations of fugitive accelerators,i.e., accelerators that are completely used up during vulcanization,leaving no residue in the product. Examples of such fugitiveaccelerators include dihydrocarbyl xanthogen polysulfides (whichincludes dialkyl xanthogen polysulfides) [short form “xanthogenpolysulfides”] comprising diisopropyl xanthogen polysulfide (DIXP),diisopropyl xanthogen disulfide, diisopropyl xanthogen trisulfide,diisopropyl xanthogen tetrasulfide, diisopropyl xanthogen pentasulfide,diisoamyl xanthogen trisulfide, diisoamyl xanthogen tetrasulfide,diisoamyl xanthogen pentasulfide, diethyl xanthogen tetrasulfide,dibutyl xanthogen tetrasulfide, dibutyl xanthogen disulfide.

Using DIXP as a typical example, heating DIXP alone to high temperaturesdoes not volatalize or decompose it completely to gaseous products.However, when DIXP is used together with sulfur and zinc oxide forcrosslinking a diene containing polymer or rubber, it is consumedcompletely to form sulfur crosslinks, isopropanol and carbon disulfideas the major reaction products, leaving behind virtually no residue onthe polymer or rubber since isopropanol and carbon disulfide wouldvolatilize at the crosslinking/vulcanization temperatures. Since DIXPdoes not contain nitrogen in its chemical structure, it is alsoimpossible to generate N-nitrosamines, which are associated with thiuramand dithiocarbamate accelerators. Additionally, certain nitrosamines arebelieved to be carcinogenic, and their formation should be avoided.However, DIXP alone does not accelerate sulfur crosslinking sufficientlyto produce enough sulfur crosslinks to yield useful products, especiallyin polyisporene articles. The resulting articles have a tensile strengththat is too low. Hence, DIXP has always been used in conjunction withother accelerators.

A variety of accelerator compositions have been disclosed in the priorart, some of which are discussed below.

Terminology

1.0 phr of an ingredient refers to 1.0 part dry weight of the ingredientper 100 parts dry weight of rubber.

Abbreviations: DIXP—diisopropyl xanthogen polysulfide,TMTD—tetramethylthiuram disulfide, ZMBT—zinc mercaptobenzothiazole,ZDBC—zinc dibutyl dithiocarbamate, ZDEC—zinc diethyl dithiocarbamate,DPG—diphenyl guanidine, ZDNC—zinc diisononyl dithiocarbamate,MBT—mercaptobenzothiazole, SDBC—sodium dibutyl dithiocarbamate,SDEC—sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate, SIX—sodium isopropyl xanthate,ZIX—zinc isopropyl xanthate.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,609 to Stevenson discloses accelerator systems usedto cure a vulcanizable rubber composition comprising dihdrocarbylxanthogen polysulfide (1.5-4 phr DIXP) and metal hydrocarbyl xanthate(0.05-5 phr zinc isopropyl/isobutyl xanthate) and less than 0.4 phr ofnitrosatable materials.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,635 to Stevenson discloses a sulfur free rubbervulcanizable composition comprising dihydrocarbyl xanthogen polysulfide(1-6 phr), dibenzylthiuram sulfide (up to 1.5 phr), a xanthate compound(0-5 phr) and less than 0.2 phr of nitrosatable materials.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,618,861 to Saks discloses a polyisoprene compositioncomprising an accelerator system comprising 2 phr TMTD, 0.2 phr ZMBT,0.2 phr ZDBC, 0.2 phr diphenyl thiourea and 0.2 phr ZDEC.

U.S. Published Application No. 2003/0161975 to Lucas et al. disclosesthe use of sulfur and DIXP, together with tetrabenzyl thiuram disulfideor ZBEC to produce polyisoprene condoms that are defect-free. The latexcompound has improved stability compared to latexes formed usingconventional accelerators such as zinc diethyl dithiocarbamate and zincdibutyl dithiocarbamate. The accelerator composition comprises 1.5 phrDIXP and 0.6 phr tetrabenzyl/tetraethyl thiuram disulfide.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,828,387 and 8,273,810 to Wang et al. discloseformulations for polyisoprene using accelerator composition comprising adithiocarbamate, a thiazole, and a guanidine wherein the dry weight ofeach ranges from about 0.50 to about 1.00 phr. Example 1 representing asummary of the accelerator composition comprises 0.50 phr ZDEC, 0.50 phrZMBT and 1.00 phr DPG.

A synergistic combination of DIXP and ZDNC has been recommended as asafer accelerator for use with natural rubber latex and syntheticpolyisoprene latex. Chakraborty et al., “Novel Sustainable Acceleratorsfor Latex Applications—Update,” International Latex Conference (2005).

For vulcanizing polychloroprene, conventional curing packages includesulfur, non-fugitive accelerators, and zinc oxide. Non-fugitiveaccelerators that are used include zinc dibutyl dithiocarbamate (ZDBC);a mixture of tetraethylthiuram disulfide and sodium dibutyldithiocarbamate; and a mixture of diphenyl thiourea (thiocarbanilide)and diphenyl guanidine (see Carl, Neoprene Latex, chapter 3, publishedby E. I., du Pont de Nemours & Co. (1962)). However, residuals of thesenon-fugitive accelerators in the product can induce Type IV allergicreactions.

Chakraborty et al. (2nd International Rubber Glove Conference 2004,Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) discloses formulations using sulfur, twocombinations of two accelerators (ZDNC and DIXP, or ZDEC and MBT), zincoxide, and two antioxidants (A02246 and MMBI). Chakraborty et al.discloses a safer accelerator system and a conventional acceleratorsystem for PI latex. The former system comprises 0.4 phr DIXP and 0.4phr ZDNC whilst the later system comprises 0.5 phr ZDEC and 0.5 phr MBT.For the DIXP/ZDNC composition, the compounded latex requires maturationat 30° C. for 8 days before the latex films gives good tensile strengthproperties. The films for testing are prepared by casting the latex onglass plates and allowed to dry at ambient temperature before curingthem. This method for forming films is different from that used forcommercial production of gloves which is by “coagulant dipping”.

Virdi et al. (Presentation at 8^(th) International Rubber GloveConference and Exihition 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) disclosesaccelerator composition for synthetic polyisoprene comprising DIXP (0.5phr) and ZDNC (0.5 phr) in combination with a metal xanthate (0.3 SIX or0.3 ZIX) that yields coagulant dipped films that have good tensilestrength values that can meet ASTM D3577 standard specification forrubber surgical gloves (Type II synthetic latex gloves). The compoundedlatex is matured at 30° C. or 35° C. for 24 hours before films areformed by coagulant dipping. They also show that accelerator compositioncomprising 0.5 phr DIXP and 0.5 phr ZDNC without the metal xanthate(composition disclosed by Chakraborty et al. above) yields coagulantdipped films that have very poor tensile strength properties. Thisfinding is very different from that of Chakraborty et al who found thatfilms formed by casting on glass plates gave good tensile strengthproperties.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,041,746 to Dzikowicz discloses an accelerator system forsynthetic polyisoprene comprising dithiocarbamate (0.5-4.0 phr),thiourea (0.2-4.0 phr) and optionally thiazole (0.5 phr).

U.S. Pat. No. 8,087,412 to Lucas et al. discloses pre-vulcanizationcomposition and post vulcanization composition for syntheticpolyisoprene articles (condoms and gloves) where the pre-vulcanizationaccelerator system comprises ZDEC/ZDBC (0.4-1.0 phr) and the postvulcanization accelerator system comprises SDBC/SDEC (0.05-0.50 phr) andDIXP/xanthogen sulfide/thiuram (0.2-0.6 phr).

U.S. Pat. No. 8,673,172B2 to Van Jole discloses latex acceleratorformulations for synthetic rubber latex derived from the groupconsisting of a conjugated diene monomer (e.g. polyisoprene) and aconjugated diene monomer with a vinyl aromatic comonomer usingaccelerator composition comprising DIXP, an alkyldithiocarbamate and DPGwherein each of the accelerator composition are present in aconcentration from 0.25 to 1.00 phr.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,980,391 to Chen et al. discloses polychloroprenearticles having low allergenic potential made by using vulcanizationcomposition comprising sulfur, zinc oxide and a fugitive accelerator(DIXP) that leaves no detectable residual DIXP in the formed article.Surgical gloves made have good tensile strength that meets ASTM D3577specification. This is feasible due to sulfur crosslinking and alsocrosslinking between polymer chains facilitated by the reactive tertiaryallylic chlorine atoms on the polymers chains with zinc oxide ascatalyst. See Carl, Neoprene Latex, chapter 3.

US patent application 2015/0128329A1 to Amarasekera et al. discloses aglove comprising a latex composition comprising a polyisoprene polymer,a first accelerator comprising a thiourea, a benzothiazole sulphenamide,a thiazole or a dithiocarbamate or combinations thereof; and a secondaccelerator comprising a thiuram or a xanthogen polysulfide orcombination thereof. In the three Examples given (Examples 1-3), thetotal level of non-fugitive accelerators (thiourea, benzothiazolesulphenamide/thiazole, dithiocarbamate and thiuram) was 1.4-1.5 phrwhilst xanthogen polysulfide level was 0.3 phr.

US patent application 2016/0108154A1 to Krutzer discloses an acceleratorsystem comprising 0.5 to 10 phr of a thiuram as sulfur donor (thiuram isknown to function as an accelerator and a sulfur donor) and 0.05 to 2.0phr of a thiocarbamate or combination of dithiocarbamates for use withsynthetic isoprene polymer including polyisoprene.

Aldehyde-amines are reaction products of various aldehydes and aminesand known to be used as dry rubber accelerators as early as mid-1910.Common aldehyde-amine accelerators are aldehyde anilinesbutyraldehyde-aniline and heptaldehyde-aniline (HA). Aldehyde-amineaccelerators now have limited use. These accelerators can be used forhard rubber such as ebonite. When used, 2.5 phr of this acceleratormight be used with 30-50 phr sulfur. These are more commonly used as asecondary accelerator at 0.20-0.30 phr with thiazole or sulfenamideaccelerators. (Rubber Compounding: Principles, Materials, andTechniques. Second Edition by Fred W. Barlow p 110, Marcel Dekker, Inc,New York, 1993). Accelerators that are used for dry rubber can be usedfor latex rubber although their effectiveness and efficiency may not bethe same. HA is not known to be used for the manufacture of rubbergloves. Use of “xanthogen polysulfide” in combination with otheraccelerators for curing dry rubber and latex has been disclosed byStevenson (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,695,609; 5,254,635). Combination ofaldehyde-anilines with DIXP has never been considered.

Accordingly, there is a need in the art for simpler vulcanizationcompositions used to vulcanize elastomeric articles with low amounts ofaccelerator, where the vulcanization compositions have reducedallergenic potential, specifically for polyisoprene applications. Thepresent inventive composition combines low amounts of an additionalaccelerator that does not include conventional accelerators such asdithiocarbamates, thiazoles, thiurams, guanidines and thioureas incombination with the fugitive accelerator DIXP. The present inventionutilizes an aldehyde-aniline, as the additional accelerator, which iseffective at low levels. The present invention also relates topolyisoprene-based elastomeric articles formed using the vulcanizationcompositions. The invention also relates to methods for making a reducedallergenicity vulcanization composition, and to methods for using thevulcanization compositions to vulcanize elastomeric articles.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed towardvulcanization compositions having accelerator compositions that are usedto vulcanize elastomeric articles. The vulcanization compositions havereduced allergenic potential as compared to vulcanization compositionshaving higher levels of non-fugitive and fugitive acceleratorcompositions, and may be used to form elastomeric articles that havereduced allergenic potential as compared to elastomeric articles formedusing vulcanization compositions having higher levels of acceleratorcompositions. The invention further relates to methods for making areduced allergenicity vulcanization composition, and to methods forusing the vulcanization compositions to vulcanize elastomeric articles.

The present invention meets the unmet needs of the art, as well asothers, by providing vulcanization compositions, latex dispersions, andelastomeric articles that exhibit reduced or eliminated allergicpotential as compared to vulcanization compositions, latex dispersions,and elastomeric articles formed using conventional techniques. Accordingto some aspects, the present invention results in reduced or eliminatedType I and Type IV allergenicity. The vulcanization compositions, latexdispersions, elastomeric articles, and methods of the present inventionare beneficial for avoiding problems associated with allergic reactionsto elastomeric articles, particularly in the medical field, where bothhealth care providers and patients are exposed to these potentialsources of allergens frequently and/or for extended periods of time.

According to one aspect of the invention, the invention relates to avulcanization composition comprising a combination of fugitive xanthogenpolysulfide accelerators and aldehyde-aniline accelerators. According toanother aspect of the invention, the invention relates to avulcanization composition comprising a single fugitive xanthogenpolysulfide accelerator, and a single aldehyde-aniline accelerator,where the vulcanization composition does not include any additionalaccelerators. According to another aspect of the invention, theinvention relates to a vulcanization composition comprising diisopropylxanthogen polysulfide and heptaldehyde-aniline condensate asaccelerators. According to some aspects, the vulcanization compositionexhibits reduced allergenicity as compared to vulcanization compositionscomprising non-fugitive accelerators and higher levels of accelerators.

According to further aspects, the elastomer is polyisoprene. Thepolyisoprene can be natural rubber polyisoprene or syntheticpolyisoprene. According to still further aspects, the latex formulationmay be used to form elastomeric articles that may include, but are notlimited to, gloves (specifically medical gloves, and more specificallyexamination and surgical gloves), as well as condoms, probe covers,dental dams, finger cots, and catheters.

Any feature, structure, or step disclosed herein can be replaced with orcombined with any other feature, structure, or step disclosed herein, oromitted. Furthermore, for purposes of summarizing the disclosure,certain aspects, advantages, and features of the devices have beendescribed herein. It is to be understood that not necessarily any or allsuch advantages are achieved in accordance with any particularembodiments disclosed herein. No individual aspects of this disclosureare essential or indispensable.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The detailed description set forth below is intended as a description ofvarious configurations and is not intended to represent the onlyconfigurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced.The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose ofproviding a thorough understanding of the various concepts. However, itwill be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may bepracticed without these specific details.

The present invention generally relates to vulcanization compositionsincluding accelerator compositions used to vulcanize elastomericarticles, where the accelerator compositions have reduced allergenicpotential as compared to elastomeric articles formed using vulcanizationcompositions having higher accelerator compositions. The vulcanizationcompositions comprise a fugitive vulcanization accelerator and anadditional accelerator. The additional accelerator is in amountssignificantly lower than those of prior art compositions. The presentinvention also relates to latex dispersions and elastomeric articlesformed using the vulcanization compositions. The present inventionfurther relates to methods for making a reduced allergenicityvulcanization composition, and to methods for using the vulcanizationcompositions to vulcanize elastomeric articles.

Fugitive vulcanization accelerators for use in accordance with thepresent invention include xanthogen polysulfides. Diisopropyl xanthogenpolysulfide (DIXP), diisopropyl xanthogen disulfide, diisopropylxanthogen trisulfide, diisopropyl xanthogen tetrasulfide, diisopropylxanthogen pentasulfide, diisoamyl xanthogen trisulfide, diisoamylxanthogen tetrasulfide, diisoamyl xanthogen pentasulfide, diethylxanthogen tetrasulfide, dibutyl xanthogen tetrasulfide and dibutylxanthogen disulfide are preferred fugitive xanthogen polysulfides thatmay be used in accordance with the present invention, and it isenvisioned that additional fugitive xanthogen polysulfides that may bedeveloped in the future will also find use in the acceleratorcompositions, latex dispersions, and elastomeric articles of the presentinvention. Fugitive xanthogen polysulfides are useful in the acceleratorcompositions of the vulcanization compositions of the present inventionbecause during vulcanization they are consumed by bonding to the rubbermatrix, and form gases and/or volatile liquids as by-products thatevaporate at the high temperatures used for vulcanization, therebyleaving no residue on the elastomeric article. In the case ofdiisopropyl xanthogen polysulfide (DIXP), the compound forms isopropylalcohol and carbon disulfide gas as by-products.

Additional accelerator compositions utilized in this invention includealdehyde—anilines. The inventive accelerators includeheptaldehyde-aniline (HA) and butyraldehyde-aniline (BA), but otheraldehyde-anilines may be use. Specifically, the aldehyde anilines arecondensates. In a preferred embodiment, heptaldehyde-aniline (HA) is theadditional accelerator.

The present invention also provides elastomeric articles made frompolyisoprene rubber and vulcanized using aldehyde-anilines as anadditional accelerator and xanthogen polysulfide accelerators. Accordingto some aspects, the elastomeric articles may include gloves(specifically medical gloves, and more specifically examination andsurgical gloves), as well as condoms, probe covers, dental dams, fingercots, and catheters. According to certain aspects polyisoprene surgicaland examination gloves made using such an accelerator composition areprovided.

Elastomeric articles made using high amounts of acceleratorcompositions, especially non-fugitive accelerators, contain residualaccelerators that could cause Type IV allergic reactions in humans, andelastomeric articles made using natural rubber contain extractable latexproteins that are linked to Type I allergic reactions in humans. Becausethe elastomeric articles, accelerator compositions, latex compositions,methods of making accelerator compositions, and methods of vulcanizingelastomeric articles in accordance with the present invention do notincorporate natural rubber, and do not have high levels of residualaccelerators included therein, the potential for Type I allergicreactions and Type IV allergic reactions is reduced or eliminated.

Non-fugitive accelerator compositions may include thiazoles, thiurams,dithiocarbamates, guanidines, thioureas and the like, which are known tocause Type IV allergic reactions in humans.

The compositions and methods of the invention will be described ingreater detail below.

Vulcanization Compositions

The vulcanization compositions of the present invention preferablyinclude a source of sulfur, an accelerator composition, and anactivator. The accelerator compositions may include a fugitiveaccelerator and an additional accelerator. According to certain aspectsof the invention, in which the allergenicity of the vulcanizationcomposition is being minimized or eliminated, elemental sulfur, a singlexanthogen polysulfide fugitive accelerator, zinc oxide, and a singlealdehyde-aniline accelerator are used. In rubber technology terminology,“phr” of an ingredient refers to parts (dry weight) of the ingredientper hundred parts (dry weight) of rubber. The additional accelerator(aldehyde-aniline condensate) is in a range from about 0.05 phr to about0.50 phr, preferably from about 0.075 phr to about 0.35 phr, and morepreferably about 0.10 phr to about 0.25 phr. The fugitive accelerator(xanthogen polysulfide) is in a range from about 0.50 phr to about 5.0phr, preferably from about 0.75 phr to about 3.0 phr, and morepreferably from about 1.0 phr to about 2.5 phr. The vulcanizationcompositions may be used to vulcanize elastomers including naturalrubber, polyurethane, polybutadiene, polychloroprene (Neoprene), nitrilerubber, block copolymers of styrene and butadiene, block copolymers ofstyrene and isoprene, polyisoprene and a combination or mixture of theabove mentioned polymers or elastomers. In certain preferred aspects ofthe invention, the elastomer is polyisoprene. The polyisoprene can benatural or synthetic.

In aspects of the invention in which the allergenicity of thevulcanization composition is being minimized or eliminated altogether,the source of sulfur used in the vulcanization composition compriseselemental sulfur. According to certain aspects of the invention, onlyelemental sulfur is used. The elemental sulfur is in the range fromabout 0.5 to about 3 phr, preferably from about 1 to 2 phr, and morepreferably from 1 to about 1.5 phr.

The vulcanization activator may include, but is not limited to, zincoxide, magnesium oxide, lead oxide, and combinations thereof. Zinc oxideis used as a vulcanization activator in certain aspects of theinvention. The activator is in a range from about 0.1 to about 2.0 phr,preferably from about 0.1 to about 1.0 phr, and more preferably fromabout 0.2 to about 0.8 phr.

In aspects of the invention in which the allergenicity of thevulcanization composition is being minimized or eliminated altogether,one vulcanization accelerator used in accordance with aspects of theinvention is a fugitive xanthogen polysulfide. According to someaspects, the fugitive xanthogen polysulfide is a polysulfide thatincludes two or more than two sulfide groups, i.e., three sulfide groups(trisulfide), four sulfide groups (tetrasulfide), five sulfide groups(pentasulfide), etc. According to further aspects of the invention, thefugitive xanthogen polysulfide includes dihydrocarbyl xanthogenpolysulfides (which includes dialkyl xanthogen polysulfides comprisingdiisopropyl xanthogen polysulfide (DIXP), diisopropyl xanthogendisulfide, diisopropyl xanthogen trisulfide, diisopropyl xanthogentetrasulfide, diisopropyl xanthogen pentasulfide, diisoamyl xanthogentrisulfide, diisoamyl xanthogen tetrasulfide, diisoamyl xanthogenpentasulfide, diethyl xanthogen tetrasulfide, dibutyl xanthogentetrasulfide, dibutyl xanthogen disulfide. It should be noted that thesefugitive xanthogen polysulfide accelerators can also serve as sulfurdonors. In an aspect of the invention, the sulfur donor has a lowallergenic potential.

Additional accelerator compositions utilized in this invention caninclude aldehyde amines. More specifically, these aldehyde amines can bealdehyde anilines. More specifically, the additional accelerator is analdehyde—aniline condensate. The inventive accelerators includeheptaldehyde-aniline (HA) condensate and butyraldehyde-aniline (BA)condensate, but other aldehyde-anilines may be use. In a preferredembodiment, heptaldehyde-aniline (HA) is the additional accelerator.

In certain aspects of the invention, only a single fugitive xanthogenpolysulfide vulcanization accelerator is used in the acceleratorcomposition and only a single aldehyde-aniline accelerator is used, andany additional vulcanization accelerators are excluded from theaccelerator composition.

According to further aspects of the invention, DIXP and HA are the onlyvulcanization accelerators, and are the only compounds that function asa vulcanization accelerator that is included in the acceleratorcomposition. When accelerator compositions having reduced or eliminatedallergenicity are prepared in accordance with the present invention,they may beneficially comprise only DIXP and HA. Any additionalcompounds that may also function as vulcanization accelerators areexcluded from the accelerator compositions. In another aspect,additional fugitive accelerators may be included in the acceleratorcompositions, but additional non-fugitive accelerators are excluded. Theexclusions in either aspect are beneficial because the presence of anyadditional vulcanization accelerators or the use of additionalnon-fugitive accelerators increases the likelihood that an allergicreaction, particularly a Type IV allergic reaction, may occur in a userof an elastomeric article formed with the vulcanization composition.

Latex Dispersions and Elastomeric Articles

The vulcanization compositions of the present invention may be used toprepare latex dispersions. The latex dispersion may comprise anelastomer that may be selected from natural rubber, polyurethane,polybutadiene, polychloroprene (Neoprene), nitrile rubber, blockcopolymers of styrene and butadiene, block copolymers of styrene andisoprene, polyisoprene and a combination or mixture of the abovementioned polymers or elastomers. According to certain aspects, aparticularly preferred elastomer for use in the latex dispersions of theinvention is polyisoprene. These latex dispersions may comprise, inaddition to the elastomer and vulcanization composition, one or moredifferent non-curing ingredients. The non-curing ingredients mayinclude, but are not limited to, antioxidants, stabilizers,plasticizers, anti-ozone agents, pigments, and fillers. According to anaspect of the invention, when making an elastomeric article (e.g., asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,110,266 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,828,387, both ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) the totalsolids content of the latex dispersion is in a range from about 25% toabout 49%.

The latex dispersions of the present invention that contain an elastomerand vulcanization composition may be used in methods for preparingelastomeric articles such as gloves, specifically medical gloves, andmore specifically examination and surgical gloves. However, it isconsidered within the ability of those skilled in the art to preparealternative elastomeric articles other than gloves, including, but notlimited to, condoms, probe covers, dental dams, finger cots, catheters,and the like, using the guidance provided herein.

The elastomeric articles of the present invention that are formed usingthe vulcanization compositions and/or latex dispersions described abovemay be produced using any conventional manufacturing methods, e.g.,coagulant dipping. In the “anode” coagulant-dipping process, acoagulant-coated former is dipped into the dispersion, and is then curedto form a finished article. In the “Teague” coagulant-dipping process,the former is dipped into the dispersion, and is then dipped into acoagulant, followed by curing to form a finished article. These methodsutilize dispersions containing the elastomer from which the finishedarticle is to be formed. Preferred elastomers include natural rubber,polyurethane, polybutadiene, polychloroprene (Neoprene), nitrile rubber,block copolymers of styrene and butadiene, block copolymers of styreneand isoprene, and polyisoprene. According to certain aspects, aparticularly preferred elastomer is polyisoprene. According to stillfurther aspects, a polyisoprene elastomeric article is provided that isvulcanized using an vulcanization composition consisting of Sulfur, ZincOxide, HA and DIXP.

HA has not been previously utilized for rubber gloves. The presentinvention has unexpectedly discovered that it is possible to vulcanizepolyisoprene latex with a vulcanization composition consisting ofSulfur, Zinc Oxide, HA and DIXP in order to obtain an elastomericarticle having a tensile strength that meets the ASTM 3577-09 standardrequirements for rubber surgical gloves (natural rubber) of 24 MPa(minimum) before aging and 18 MPa after aging, as well as the ASTMD3577-09 standard requirements for synthetic rubber surgical gloves of17 MPa (minimum) before aging and 12 MPa (minimum) after aging. BecauseDIXP is a fugitive xanthogen polysulfide, and no DIXP residue remains onthe gloves following vulcanization, along with low required amounts ofHA, the gloves produced using this vulcanization composition exhibit lowallergenic potential.

The elastomeric articles of the present invention may be formed usinglatex dispersions containing any additives components that may be usedin forming the elastomeric articles, which may include at least one ofcuring ingredients, non-curing ingredients, and additional polymers, tobe discussed below, with the same, similar or different chemicalstructures from the elastomer. The total amount of additive(s) used isabout 0.5-49% by weight of total dispersion phase solids.

When curing using sulfur, the main curing agent preferably compriseselemental sulfur and/or a sulfur donor that has low or no allergenicpotential. According to certain aspects of the invention, only elementalsulfur is used.

Activators may include, but are not limited to, zinc oxide, magnesiumoxide, and lead oxide. Zinc oxide is the most commonly usedvulcanization activator. In one embodiment, zinc oxide is used as theactivator.

Vulcanization accelerators in accordance with the invention are fugitivexanthogen polysulfides and aldehyde-anilines. According to furtheraspects of the invention, the fugitive xanthogen polysulfide isdiisopropyl xanthogen polysulfide (DIXP). Other xanthogen polysulfidesor dihydrocarbyl xanthogen polysulfides (which includes dialkylxanthogen polysulfide) comprise diisopropyl xanthogen disulfide,diisopropyl xanthogen trisulfide, diisopropyl xanthogen tetrasulfide,diisopropyl xanthogen pentasulfide, diisoamyl xanthogen trisulfide,diisoamyl xanthogen tetrasulfide, diisoamyl xanthogen pentasulfide,diethyl xanthogen tetrasulfide, dibutyl xanthogen tetrasulfide, dibutylxanthogen disulfide. In one aspect, the aldehyde-aniline is HA.

Any non-curing ingredients that are conventionally used in elastomerdispersion compounding formulations may be used in the presentinvention. For example, the non-curing ingredients may include, but arenot limited to, antioxidants, stabilizers, plasticizers, anti-ozoneagents, pigments, and fillers.

Suitable antioxidants that may be added to the elastomer dispersioninclude, but are not limited to, hindered phenols such as butylatedhydroxytoluene (2,6-d i-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) and thiodiethylenebis-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl propionate, hindered polyphenolics suchas butylated reaction products of p-cresol and dicyclopentadiene,hindered phenol/hindered polyphenolics such as trimethyl-tris(di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzym)-benzene or octadecyldi-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl propionate, amines such as a blend of 6PPDwith methyl styrene and bis-alpha-dimethylbenzyl diphenyl amine,mixtures such as zinc mercaptotulumimidazole/phenolic, triazinonederivatives such as triazinone-phenol mixtures, polyaromatic amines suchas poly(m-anisidine), phenolic antioxidant hydrazides such as phenolicswith anhydride copolymer, phenolics such as2,2′-methylene-bis-(4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol), cresols such as2,4-dimethyl-6-(1-methylcyclohexyl)-p-cresol, and styrenated phenols.One particularly preferred antioxidant is butylated reaction products ofp-cresol and dicyclopentadiene (e.g., Wingstay L).

Colloidal stabilizers including alkalis for pH adjustment, surfactantsand alkaline caseinates such as sodium caseinate may also be added tothe aqueous phase.

Suitable plasticizers that may be added to the elastomer dispersion mayinclude, but are not limited to, fatty salts, mineral oils and esterplasticizers.

According to some aspects, an antiozonant is added to an elastomerdispersion that is used to make the elastomeric articles of theinvention. Ozone can severely damage some elastomeric articles, such asthose formed from polymers that are highly unsaturated, likepolyisoprene. When included in the aqueous elastomer dispersion of theinvention, certain high molecular weight polymers, such as waxes, EPDMand hydrogenated polydiene can provide such articles with excellentozone resistance. Waxes form a physical barrier at the surface of therubber which protects against ozone attack. There are two types ofwaxes: straight chain paraffin waxes and branched-chain microcrystallinewaxes. The most widely used antiozonant waxes are blends of paraffin andmicrocrystalline waxes for maximum protection over a broad range ofexposure temperatures. Paraffin waxes are straight-chain hydrocarbonmolecules containing about to 50 carbon atoms. Suitable paraffin waxeshave a melting point of from about 50 to 75° C., preferably 52 to 68° C.Microcrystalline waxes are also known as amorphous waxes and arehydrocarbons, similar to paraffin waxes, but the carbon chains arebranched and have higher molecular weight of about 40 to 70 carbon atomsper chain. Other examples of antiozonants that may be used in theinvention may include, but are not limited to, alkyl/arylp-phenylenediamines such asN-1,3-dimethylbutyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine 6PPD,organoclay-antiozonant complexes such as smectite-containing clay withalkyl-aryl-p-phenylenediamine, functionalized benzotriazoles such asN,N-disubstituted para-phenylenediamine, triazines such as tris(N-1,4-dimethylpentyl-p-phenylenediamino) 1,3,5-triazine and tris(N-alkyl-p-phenylenediamino) 1,3,5-triazine, and p-phenylenediaminessuch as N-isopropyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (I PPD). In addition,polymers including waxes such as paraffinic wax (MW=300-500),microcrystalline wax (MW=600-700) (with paraffinic wax) and low MW PEwax (MW=100-1100), polymeric antiozonants such as polymericdiphenyldiamine, and ozone inert polymers such as EPDM and brominatedisobutylene/para-methylstyrene copolymer (BIMSM) may be used asantiozonants. It is preferred that waxes are used. One particularlypreferred wax is Michem Lube 180. Another preferred wax dispersion isAntilux 600.

Suitable pigments that may be added to the aqueous elastomer dispersionmay include a wide range of natural pigments such as titanium dioxideand iron oxides, and synthetic pigments.

Suitable fillers that may be added to the aqueous elastomer dispersionmay include, but are not limited to, inorganic fillers such as clays,calcium carbonate, talc, and silica and organic fillers such ascrosslinked polymethyl methacrylate, finely divided urethane resinparticles and polyethylene microspheres.

Additional polymers may also be incorporated into the latex dispersionsand elastomeric articles of the present invention. This may be done toprovide additional functionality or impart beneficial properties to thelatex dispersions and elastomeric articles. Such functions/propertiesmay include, but are not limited to, improved damp/wet donning, improvedfluid repellency, improved resistance to microorganisms, improvedresistance to degradation, etc. According to some aspects of theinvention, the additional polymer is selected from natural rubber,polyurethane, polybutadiene, polychloroprene (Neoprene), nitrile rubber,block copolymers of styrene and butadiene, block copolymers of styreneand isoprene, and polyisoprene.

According to some aspects of the invention, elastomeric articles areprovided that include multiple elastomeric layers, where the multipleelastomeric layers may have the same or different compositions. Forexample, a coating comprising synthetic polyisoprene blended withpolychloroprene may be applied to a polychloroprene elastomeric articleto provide improved damp/wet donning characteristics to the article. Inanother example, a coating composition comprising nitrile blended withpolychloroprene may be applied to a polychloroprene elastomeric articleto provide improved damp/wet donning characteristics to the article. Inanother example, a coating composition comprising nitrile blended withpolyisoprene may be applied to a polyisoprene elastomeric article toprovide improved damp/wet donning characteristics to the article. Inanother example, a coating composition comprising polyisoprene blendedwith an polyacrylate may be applied to a polyisoprene elastomericarticle to provide improved damp/wet donning characteristics to thearticle. In one instance, an elastomeric article has multiple layers ofpolyisoprene.

According to further aspects of the invention, the elastomeric articlesmay be formed either with, or without, powder or starch. Although powderand starch are commonly-used donning agents, they could be alsoassociated with allergic reactions, and therefore another aspect of theinvention relates to powder-free and starch-free elastomeric articles.Further aspects relate to substantially power-free and starch-freeelastomeric articles in which less than 5 mg of powder or starch,preferably less than 3 mg of powder or starch, more preferably less than2 mg of power or starch, and most preferably less than 1 mg of powder orstarch. These articles are prepared using the vulcanization compositionsdescribed above.

These and other aspects of the invention are further described in thenon-limiting Examples set forth below.

Preparation of Gloves

Synthetic Polyisoprene or Natural Rubber polyisoprene gloves wereprepared using the standard coagulant dipping process, and using thebase compound formulation of Table 1 in combination with the acceleratorcomposition for synthetic polyisoprene (Table 2) or the acceleratorcomposition for natural rubber polyisoprene (Table 3).

The following preparation can be utilized (incorporating thespecifications of U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,110,266 and 6,828,387, by reference,in their entirety), but any standard dipping process is applicable.

The vulcanization composition comprises synthetic polyisoprene latex,colloid stabilisers (potasium recinoleate, and potasium hydroxide whichalso acts as pH adjuster), crosslinking agent (sulfur), activator (zincoxide) and antioxidant (Winstay L)—(Table 1 Base Compound), andaccelerator composition comprising DIXP and heptaldehyde-aniline (Tables2 and 3). For preparing the latex composition, the various ingredientsare added to the polyisoprene latex while stirring. The variousingredients are in the form of aqueous solution or aqueous dispersion soas to be compatible with the latex as per common practice in latextechnology. Hence, water soluble ingredients are dissolved in water andadded as an aqueous solution while water-insoluble solid ingredients andwater insoluble liquid ingredients are dispersed in water and added asaqueous dispersions. After all the ingredients are added, water is addedto dilute the compounded latex to about 35% total solids and the pH ofthe latex is adjusted to about 11 for synthetic polyisoprene or about 10for natural rubber polyisoprene.

The fully compounded latex is stirred and left to mature at ambienttemperature of about 28° C.-32° C. until it is ready for dipping.

Preparation of Powder-Free Gloves

For evaluation of the different latex compositions, gloves are preparedby coagulant dipping using ceramic molds (or formers).

Clean ceramic molds are pre-heated to 55-58° C. in a hot air oven. Themolds are dipped into aqueous calcium nitrate coagulant solution (55-58°C., specific gravity about 1.130) which also contained calcium carbonate(about 4.0-5.0% as mold release agent) and Surfynol TG (wetting agent,about 0.15%). The coagulant-coated molds are dried in an oven (60° C.for about 10 min) and then dipped into the latex composition. The dwelltime in the latex is about 15 seconds when the total solids content ofthe latex composition is 33.5%. This gives dry film thickness of about0.20 mm. (the dwell time and latex total solids content may be varied toobtain this film thickness). The latex films on the molds are hang inthe air for about 5 minutes to enable the latex films to form a goodgel. The latex films are then dipped into hot water at about 60° C. forleaching for 5 minutes whereby water-soluble materials e.g. calciumnitrate and surfactants are leached out. The films on the molds arehanged vertically at ambient temperature for drying for about 5 minutes.The films are then put into the oven for drying and curing at 135° C.for 30 minutes. The curing temperature and time may be adjusted to getthe desired properties. After vulcanization, the gloves are cooled downto about ambient temperature and modified starch is lightly applied onthe films before the gloves are stripped from the molds whereby they areturned inside out. The powdered gloves obtained are referred to asformed gloves.

Chlorination

For making powder-free gloves, the gloves are post-processed bychlorination.

The gloves are turned inside-out again so that the surface not incontact with the mold during dipping is on the outside of the gloveagain. The chlorination consists of prewashing the glove with waterbefore chlorination in an aqueous chlorine solution containing about 300ppm available chlorine (range 200 to 700 ppm may be used), neutralizingany excess chlorine with sodium hydroxide solution, followed by furtherwashing with water (this step is carried out several times). Thechlorine level may be adjusted to impart the desired properties likereduced friction and stickiness on both the surfaces of the finalfinished gloves. The glove are then partially dried and then manuallyinverted again and dried further.

Lubrication

For good donning with wet or damp hands, the wet gloves are transferredto a tumbling washer for a further lubrication process following thechlorination step before drying the gloves. This lubrication processincludes tumbling the gloves with an aqueous solution comprising about1.0% cetylpyridium chloride, 1.0% silicone emulsion, and 1.5% ammoniumsalts of alkyl phosphates. The level of these three ingredients may bevaried to obtain the desired properties on the finished gloves. Thegloves are removed from the tumbler washer, partially dried, andmanually inverted. The gloves are then dried further. The treated glovecould be easily donned by dry or damp hands.

(For chlorination and lubrication processes, see U.S. Pat. No. 7,566,502which is incorporated by reference).

EXAMPLES

Examples described below are for either natural rubber or syntheticpolyisoprene. The base compound used for both is the same and shownbelow in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Base Compound for synthetic polyisoprene and natural rubberpolyisoprene in phr (phr = parts (dry weight) of the ingredient perhundred parts (dry weight) of rubber). Dry Weight Ingredients (phr)Polyisoprene 100 Potasium recinoleate 2 Potasium hydroxide 0.3 Sulfur1.3 Zinc oxide 0.3 Wingstay L 2

Vulcanization Compositions for Synthetic Polyisoprene

Examples 1-10 are for synthetic polyisoprene, the composition of thecompounding formulation comprises the Base Compound shown in Table 1 andthe Accelerator Composition shown in Table 2 (in phr). For Examples 1-8,the accelerator compositions (table 2) comprise various levels ofHeptaldehyde-aniline (HA) (0.05-0.50 phr) in combination with variouslevels of DIXP (0.50-5.00 phr). Examples 9 and 10 have DIXP or HA, butnot both. Gloves were formed by the standard coagulant dipping process,and were vulcanized using hot air. The properties of the gloves areshown in Tables 4A and 4B.

TABLE 2 Accelerator Composition for Synthetic Polyisoprene (in phr)Example/Weight (phr) Ingredient 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Heptaldehyde- 0.050.075 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.35 0.50 0.50 0 aniline DIXP 5.00 3.00 2.502.00 1.50 1.00 0.75 0.50 0 5.00

Vulcanization Composition for Natural Rubber Polyisoprene

For Examples 11-16 for natural rubber polyisoprene, the composition ofthe compounding formulation comprises of the Base Compound shown inTable 1 and the Accelerator Composition shown in Table 3. Gloves wereformed by the standard coagulant dipping process, and were vulcanizedusing hot air. The properties of the gloves are shown in Tables 5A and5B.

TABLE 3 Accelerator Composition for Natural Rubber PolyisopreneExample/Weight component (phr) Ingredient 11 12 13 14 15 16Heptaldehyde- 0.05 0.075 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 aniline DIXP 3.00 2.50 2.001.50 1.00 0.50

Physical Properties of Polyisoprene Gloves

Tensile Strength

Tensile strength is measured in accordance to ASTM D412, “Standard TestMethods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers-Tension”. TheASTM specification for surgical gloves is defined in ASTM D3577-09,Standard Specification for Rubber Surgical Gloves. The specificationdefines natural rubber latex as Type 1 and synthetic rubber latex astype 2.

Physical Properties of Synthetic Polyisoprene Gloves

The tensile strength specification for synthetic rubber surgical glovesas stated in “ASTM D3577-09 Standard Specification for Rubber SurgicalGloves” is minimum 17 MPa before aging and minimum 12 MPa afteraccelerated aging.

TABLE 4A Tensile strength (TS) properties of Synthetic Polyisoprene (inMPa) Day 1 Day 2 Formed Chlorinated Formed Chlorinated TS (MPa) TS (MPa)TS (MPa) TS (MPa) Example Unaged Aged Unaged Aged Unaged Aged UnagedAged 1 14.0 7.7 13.7 10.8 17.3 12.5 22.4 17.5 2 18.3 12.3 17.5 12.3 19.616.5 20.6 17.5 3 19.3 14.9 20.0 15.5 20.2 16.8 21.3 16.2 4 20.0 16.422.0 17.7 17.7 14.6 20.7 15.5 5 20.1 16.8 21.1 16.1 19.3 18.1 19.6 15.26 17.5 17.0 19.2 18.2 19.0 21.0 23.0 20.0 7 17.9 14.2 17.5 14.9 20.518.9 20.1 20.8 8 17.9 14.2 17.2 14.9 20.5 18.9 20.1 20.8 9 1.5 0.6 1.2stuck 0.4 0.7 1.3 Stuck 10 4.0 0.9 5.7 5.8 4.8 11.8 3.9 7.2

TABLE 4B Tensile strength (TS) properties of Synthetic Polyisoprene (inMPa) Day 3 Day 7 Formed Chlorinated Formed Chlorinated TS (MPa) TS (MPa)TS (MPa) TS (MPa) Example Unaged Aged Unaged Aged Unaged Aged UnagedAged 1 22.7 18.5 22.7 18.5 22.7 18.5 22.7 18.5 2 20.4 15.3 20.4 15.320.4 15.3 20.4 15.3 3 21.4 17.0 21.4 17.0 21.4 17.0 21.4 17.0 4 19.214.8 19.2 14.8 19.2 14.8 19.2 14.8 5 18.1 15.7 18.1 15.7 18.1 15.7 18.115.7 6 21.4 19.6 21.4 19.6 21.4 19.6 21.4 19.6 7 18.4 16.8 18.4 16.818.4 16.8 18.4 16.8 8 18.4 17.4 18.4 17.4 18.4 17.4 18.4 17.4 9 0.4 0.50.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 10 4.0 4.5 4.0 4.5 4.0 4.5 4.0 4.5

The tensile properties of the formed gloves and chlorinated gloves (bothunaged and aged) for 1 to 7 day latex maturation are shown in Tables 4Aand 4B. In the eight accelerator compositions containing both DIXP andHA, at maturation time of 2-7 days could yield formed (i.e. powdered)and chlorinated (i.e. powder-free) gloves that could meet ASTM D3577tensile strength requirements, both unaged and aged, for syntheticrubber surgical gloves.

Unaged can be defined as “initial or current stage”; or “not having beenaged” or “before aging”. Aged can be defined as “after aging”. Accordingto ASTM D3577 standard—section 8.5: Physical Requirement Test, allsurgical gloves shall conform to the physical requirements (before andafter accelerated aging) that is specified in Table #3. Acceleratedaging tests shall be conducted in accordance with Test Method D573. Theaccelerated aging conditions are: After being subjected to a temperatureof 70 C+/−2 C for 166 h+/−2 h; After being subjected to a temperature of100 C+/−2 C for 22 h+/−0.3 h.

For 1 day maturation, with the exception of accelerator composition 1,all the other 7 accelerator compositions could yield formed andchlorinated gloves that could meet the ASTM D3577 tensile strengthrequirements, both unaged and aged, for synthetic rubber surgicalgloves. Examples 9 & 10 containing only DIXP or HA did not meet tensilestrength requirements.

Using a high level of DIXP of 5.0 phr and no HA (Example 9), the unagedtensile strength (2-3 days maturation) was low (4.0-4.8 MPa) for formedgloves and 3.9-7.5 MPa for chlorinated gloves. Again using a high levelof HA of 0.5 phr and no DIXP (Example 10), the unaged tensile strength(2-3 days maturation) was low (0.4 MPa) for formed gloves and 0.4-1.3MPa for chlorinated gloves. Hence, accelerator compositions comprisingonly DIXP or only HA, even at high levels, give low tensile strengthproperties that could not meet the requirements of ASTM D3577 forsynthetic surgical gloves.

However, it was surprisingly found that 5.0 phr DIXP in combination witha very low level of HA of 0.05 phr (Example 1), the unaged tensilestrength (2-3 days maturation) increased dramatically to 17.3-22.7 MPafor formed gloves and 22.4-24.7 MPa for chlorinated gloves i.e. thesetensile properties meet the requirements of ASTM D3577 for syntheticsurgical gloves. These results clearly demonstrate strong synergismbetween DIXP and HA.

Also, using a high level of HA of 0.5 phr without DIXP (Example 10), theunaged tensile strength (2-3 days maturation) was low (0.4 MPa) forformed gloves and 0.4-1.3 MPa for chlorinated gloves. However, it wasagain surprisingly found that 0.50 phr HA in combination with a lowlevel of DIXP of 0.50 phr (Example 8), the unaged tensile strength (2-3days maturation) increased dramatically to 18.4-20.5 MPa for formedgloves and 20.1-21.2 MPa for chlorinated gloves.

Physical Properties of Natural Rubber Polyisoprene Gloves

The tensile strength specification for natural rubber (polyisoprene)surgical gloves stated in ASTM D3577 is higher than that for syntheticrubber (polyisoprene) surgical gloves, minimum 24 MPa before aging and18 MPa after accelerated aging. It was found that the inventivecomposition also works very well for natural rubber polyisoprene. Infact, the inventive accelerator composition can meet these highertensile strength specification for natural rubber polyisoprene even atlower levels of DIXP and HA (compared to that for synthetic rubberpolyisoprene) as discussed below in Examples 11-16.

For Examples 11-16, the accelerator compositions (Table 3), comprisevarious levels of HA (0.05-0.25 phr) in combination with various levelsof DIXP (0.50-3.0 phr).

The tensile strength properties of the films for Examples 11-1 are shownin Tables 5A.

TABLE 5A Tensile Strength of Natural Rubber Polyisoprene Gloves Day 1Day 2 Formed Chlorinated Formed Chlorinated TS (MPa) TS (MPa) TS (MPa)TS (MPa) Example Unaged Aged Unaged Aged Unaged Aged Unaged Aged 11 27.925.6 32.4 27.3 26.5 23.4 31.4 26.6 12 28.1 24.2 33.2 23.6 28.6 25.6 26.325.2 13 25.2 21.2 25.2 21.9 29 29.1 25.6 24.7 14 30.2 29.9 21.9 23.829.5 31.7 25.9 27.5 15 20.2 17.2 . . . . . . 24.3 25.6 33.6 35.3 16 32.533.6 37.1 33.9 34.6 32.1 38.2 31.5

TABLE 5B Tensile Strength of Natural Rubber Polyisoprene Gloves Day 3Day 7 Formed Chlorinated Formed Chlorinated TS (MPa) TS (MPa) TS (MPa)TS (MPa) Example Unaged Aged Unaged Aged Unaged Aged Unaged Aged 11 24.822.4 24.8 22.4 24.8 22.4 24.8 22.4 12 27.8 27.8 27.8 27.8 27.8 27.8 27.827.8 13 26.5 27.5 26.5 27.5 26.5 27.5 26.5 27.5 14 31.8 29.2 31.8 29.231.8 29.2 31.8 29.2 15 30.1 28.4 30.1 28.4 30.1 28.4 30.1 28.4 16 22.733.2 22.7 33.2 22.7 33.2 22.7 33.2

The tensile strength specification for natural rubber surgical gloves asstated in “ASTM D3577-09 Standard Specification for Rubber SurgicalGloves” is minimum 24 MPa before aging and minimum 18 MPa afteraccelerated aging.

From Tables 5A and 5B, it is seen that with the exception of acceleratorcomposition 15 (Example 15) at 1 day maturation of the compounded latex,all accelerator composition at 1 day to 7 days maturation of thecompounded latex could yield gloves that can meet the ASTM D3577 tensilestrength specification for natural rubber (polyisoprene) surgicalgloves. This is applicable to both the powdered (i.e. formed) andpowder-free (i.e. chlorinated) samples and also before aging of thesamples as well as after accelerated aging of the samples.

Residual DIXP

Samples of the formed gloves (i.e. without the chlorination process)from Examples 1 (synthetic polyisoprene, 5.0 phr DIXP, 0.05 phr HA),Example 2 (synthetic polyisoprene, 3.0 phr DIXP, 0.075 HA) and Example11 (natural rubber polyisoprene, 3.0 phr DIXP, 0.05 phr HA) have beentested for residual DIXP using UV spectroscopy and HPLC methods.

The formed gloves were extracted with spectroscopy grade hexane and UVspectra of the hexane extracts were analyzed. The results showed thatthere were no residual DIXP from the formed gloves from all the threeExamples.

For HPLC analysis, the hexane from the hexane extract was evaporated offand the residue dissolved in a mixture of 50:50 dichloromethane/methanoland then analyzed using HPLC. The results again showed the completeabsence of residual DIXP in the formed gloves from all the threeExamples.

These results confirmed that DIXP is indeed fugitive. The limit ofdetection of both test methods is 1 ppm.

It will, of course, be appreciated that the above description has beengiven by way of example only and that modifications in detail may bemade within the scope of the present invention.

Throughout this application, various patents and publications have beencited. The disclosures of these patents and publications in theirentireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application,in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which thisinvention pertains.

The invention is capable of considerable modification, alteration, andequivalents in form and function, as will occur to those ordinarilyskilled in the pertinent arts having the benefit of this disclosure.

While the present invention has been described for what are presentlyconsidered the preferred embodiments, the invention is not so limited.To the contrary, the invention is intended to cover variousmodifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit andscope of the detailed description provided above.

The foregoing description is provided to enable any person skilled inthe art to practice the various example implementations describedherein. Various modifications to these variations will be readilyapparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles definedherein may be applied to other implementations. All structural andfunctional equivalents to the elements of the various illustriousexamples described throughout this disclosure that are known or latercome to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expresslyincorporated herein by reference.

1. A method of making a latex dispersion comprising: providing a rubbercomponent comprising polyisoprene, and combining the rubber componentwith a vulcanization composition comprising at least one fugitivedihydrocarbyl xanthogen polysulfide accelerator.
 2. The method accordingto claim 1, wherein the vulcanization composition is free ofnon-fugitive accelerators.
 3. The method according to claim 1, whereinthe vulcanization composition is free of dithiocarbamates, thiurams,thiazoles, guanidines, or thioureas as accelerators.
 4. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the vulcanization composition comprisesonly one fugitive dihdrocarbyl xanthogen polysulfide accelerator andfurther comprises only one aldehyde-aniline condensate, and wherein thecomposition is free of additional compounds that function asaccelerators for vulcanizing elastomers.
 5. The method according toclaim 1, wherein: the vulcanization composition further comprises asource of sulfur, wherein the source of sulfur comprises elementalsulfur, the at least one fugitive dihydrocarbyl xanthogen polysulfideaccelerator comprises diisopropyl xanthogen polysulfide, thevulcanization composition further comprises at least onealdehyde-aniline condensate, wherein the aldehyde-aniline condensatecomprises heptaldehyde-aniline, and the vulcanization compositionfurther comprises a metal oxide selected from the group consisting ofzinc oxide, magnesium oxide, lead oxide, and combinations thereof. 6.The method according to claim 1, wherein: the vulcanization compositionfurther comprises a source of sulfur selected from the group consistingof elemental sulfur, sulfur donors that have a low allergenic potential,and combinations thereof, and the at least one fugitive dihydrocarbylxanthogen polysulfide accelerator is selected from the group consistingof diisopropyl xanthogen polysulfide, diisopropyl xanthogen disulfide,diisopropyl xanthogen trisulfide, diisopropyl xanthogen tetrasulfide,diisopropyl xanthogen pentasulfide, diisoamyl xanthogen trisulfide,diisoamyl xanthogen tetrasulfide, diisoamyl xanthogen pentasulfide,diethyl xanthogen tetrasulfide, dibutyl xanthogen tetrasulfide, dibutylxanthogen disulfide, and combinations thereof.
 7. The method accordingto claim 1, wherein the vulcanization composition is free of additionalxanthate compounds.
 8. A coating composition for an elastomeric article,comprising: a latex dispersion comprising: polyisoprene, and avulcanization composition comprising a source of sulfur, diisopropylxanthogen polysulfide, heptaldehyde-aniline, and a metal oxide; a secondpolymer latex selected from the group consisting of natural rubber,polyurethane, polybutadiene, polychloroprene, nitrile rubber, blockcopolymers of styrene and butadiene, block copolymers of styrene andisoprene, and synthetic polyisoprene; and water.
 9. The coatingcomposition of claim 8, wherein a total solids content of the coatingcomposition is from about 3% to about 15%.
 10. The coating compositionof claim 8, wherein the second polymer latex is nitrile rubber orsynthetic polyisoprene.
 11. The coating composition of claim 8, whereinthe vulcanization composition is free of non-fugitive accelerators. 12.The coating composition of claim 8, wherein the vulcanizationcomposition is free of dithiocarbamates, thiurams, thiazoles,guanidines, or thioureas as accelerators.
 13. The coating composition ofclaim 8, wherein the source of sulfur is selected from the groupconsisting of elemental sulfur, sulfur donors that have a low allergenicpotential, and combinations thereof.
 14. The coating composition ofclaim 8, wherein the metal oxide is selected from the group consistingof zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, lead oxide, and combinations thereof.15. A coated elastomeric article comprising: an elastomeric articlecomprising a first polymer latex; and a coating formed from a coatingcomposition comprising: a latex dispersion comprising: polyisoprene, anda vulcanization composition comprising a source of sulfur, diisopropylxanthogen polysulfide, heptaldehyde-aniline, and a metal oxide; a secondpolymer latex selected from the group consisting of natural rubber,polyurethane, polybutadiene, polychloroprene, nitrile rubber, blockcopolymers of styrene and butadiene, block copolymers of styrene andisoprene, and synthetic polyisoprene; and water.
 16. The coatedelastomeric article of claim 15, wherein the first polymer latexcomprises polychloroprene.
 17. The coated elastomeric article of claim15, wherein the first polymer latex comprises a polyisoprene.
 18. Thecoated elastomeric article of claim 15, wherein the vulcanizationcomposition is free of non-fugitive accelerators.
 19. The coatedelastomeric article of claim 15, wherein the vulcanization compositionis free of dithiocarbamates, thiurams, thiazoles, guanidines, orthioureas as accelerators.
 20. The coated elastomeric article of claim15, wherein a total solids content of the coating composition is fromabout 3% to about 15%.